Scientist Veerabhadran Ramanathan yearned for the American dream while growing up in southern India in the 1960s: specifically, a Chevrolet Impala, a muscle car he learned about from his father, a tire salesman. Ramanathan made it to the United States in his 20s, but he never bought his gas guzzler, largely because his scientific knowledge of global warming quickly eclipsed his income.
Fast-forward to the 1970s and Ramanathan, now a newly minted postdoctoral fellow in planetary sciences, was spending his days working as a visiting researcher at NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia, and his evenings on a side project he hid from his supervisors. His solitary nighttime research would end up changing how scientists viewed global warming.
The young scientist had discovered that chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, then widely used in the manufacture of refrigerators, air-conditioning units and spray cans, had a significant greenhouse effect. Ramanathan had briefly encountered these industrial chemicals in his first job at a refrigeration company. Like carbon dioxide, CFCs trapped heat in the atmosphere. In fact, Ramanathan's calculations suggested, they were more potent: One molecule of a CFC could have the same warming effect as up to 10,000 molecules of carbon dioxide. For three months, he repeated the calculations looking for an alternative explanation. He found none.
"I was just a postdoc immigrant from India. I didn't know if I should tell NASA about this or not. I just sent the paper off," Ramanathan recalled.
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📸: V. Ramanathan
Extreme heat has become a defining structural challenge for global construction, driving a decisive shift toward sustainable building design that prioritises both thermal comfort and low carbon impact. Rising temperatures expose the shortcomings of past practices built primarily around winter energy efficiency, amplifying the urgency of environmental sustainability in construction. Whole life carbon assessment now underpins planning decisions, linking embodied carbon in materials with operational energy to deliver net zero carbon buildings capable of adapting to climatic extremes. Design priorities are expanding beyond insulation to include dynamic ventilation, reflective façades and adaptive urban forms that integrate resource efficiency in construction and circular construction strategies.
New policy coalitions and digital tools are accelerating this transition. The 24/7 Carbon Free Coalition exemplifies a data-led approach to decarbonising the built environment, encouraging firms to measure the carbon footprint of construction and pursue net zero whole life carbon ambitions. Advances in mapping technologies now expose regions where poor housing quality amplifies environmental risk, directing investments in green infrastructure and sustainable urban development. These insights reinforce life cycle thinking in construction and whole life carbon accountability as fundamental to equitable and resilient growth.
Offsite manufacturing is emerging as a core part of low carbon construction strategies. Controlled production environments deliver precision, reduce waste and improve building lifecycle performance, embodying both economic and environmental benefits. The integration of eco-design for buildings with lifecycle assessment ensures that renewable building materials and low embodied carbon materials align with measurable life cycle cost outcomes. Certifications such as BREEAM and BREEAM v7 are gaining prominence as benchmarks for sustainable building practices and carbon neutral construction.
The sector faces a decisive decade where sustainable design, circular economy in construction and decarbonising the built environment converge into a single mandate: to create low carbon buildings and infrastructure capable of enduring a rapidly changing climate. This evolution defines the frontier of green construction—transforming policy ambition into tangible performance, ensuring every project contributes to carbon footprint reduction and supports a genuinely sustainable future for the built environment.
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