This paper provides updated and new information on the export of used light-duty vehicles (LDVs) to the Global South by the four leading used vehicles exporters: European Union (EU), United States of America (USA), Japan, and Republic of Korea (ROK). As part of UNEP’s ongoing series on used vehicles, this paper builds on the 2020 report and 2021 update on “Used Vehicles and the Environment - A Global Overview on Used Light Duty Vehicles: Flows, Scale, and Regulation”, and includes: ‣ Updated used LDVs export data for the period 2015-2022 from the EU, USA, Japan and ROK. ‣ An update of the regulatory environment for used LDVs import for 146 countries, 122 of which are low-and-middle income countries (LMICs). Previous Reports in this Series Used Vehicles and the Environment (2021) Used Vehicles and the Environment (2020)
Sustainable construction is shifting from isolated showcase schemes to delivery systems shaped by retrofit governance, grid capacity, skills and low-carbon logistics. The National Retrofit Hub’s call for a stronger UK retrofit framework highlights the sector’s core barrier: not a shortage of inefficient homes or climate targets, but the absence of a trusted mechanism for assessment, finance, standards and workmanship at scale. A credible framework must embed whole life carbon assessment, life cycle cost analysis and lifecycle assessment so retrofit programmes improve building lifecycle performance rather than chase short-term carbon savings.
Rising UK electricity bills now appear to be increasing far more slowly than gas bills, strengthening the commercial case for energy-efficient buildings, heat pumps and electric-ready assets. Vattenfall’s plan for nearly 50 onshore turbines in East Anglia, delivering about 425MW of capacity, reinforces the need for clean power to support net zero carbon buildings and low carbon building strategies. Fabric-first retrofit remains essential, but whole life carbon, net zero whole life carbon and operational resilience are becoming financial priorities as well as environmental ones.
The implications for sustainable building design are significant. Developers, housing associations and retrofit providers face growing pressure to align sustainable design, low carbon design and eco-design for buildings with measurable outcomes. Frameworks such as BREEAM and BREEAM v7 are likely to gain importance as clients seek clearer evidence on embodied carbon, embodied carbon in materials, environmental product declarations (EPDs), sustainable material specification and the carbon footprint of construction. Low embodied carbon materials, low carbon construction materials, green building materials and renewable building materials will become more valuable where they support verified performance, durability and resource efficiency in construction.
Low-carbon freight is entering the built environment agenda. The heavy-truck charging hub planned by PragmaCharge and Prologis near Valencia’s agri-food logistics cluster, due to be fully operational in early 2027, shows how green infrastructure can be integrated into industrial property. This matters for environmental sustainability in construction because materials, plant movement and distribution remain major sources of embodied carbon and the wider environmental impact of construction.
The unresolved constraint is workforce capacity. Proposed construction vocational GCSEs from 2029 recognise that decarbonising the built environment depends on skills as much as technology. The next phase of green construction, eco-friendly construction and carbon neutral construction will be judged by delivery: circular economy in construction, circular construction strategies, end-of-life reuse in construction and practical carbon footprint reduction at scale.
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