This Used Heavy- Duty Vehicles and the Environment: A Global Overview of Used Heavy-Duty Vehicles: Flow, Scale and Regulation report analyses the flow and scale of used heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) from three major used HDVs exporters – Japan, the European Union (EU) and Republic of Korea (ROK). It also reviews the regulatory environment for used HDVs import in 146 countries, 122 of which are low- and middle- income countries (LMICs). The major exporters of HDVs (used & new) are the EU, Japan, Republic of Korea (ROK), Mexico, the US, and China. However, while China manufactures 67% of global HDVs, its share of used HDV exports was only 8% in 2020. This is changing rapidly as the policy to expand used vehicles exports is being implemented and from 2022 more than 30 cities in China have been approved to export used vehicles globally. The EU on the other hand exported about 46% of used HDVs (2020) while contributing to about 6% of global HDVs manufacturing. Thus, while the worldwide HDV manufacturing market shifted from Western Europe and North America to emerging economies in the last two decades, used HDVs exporters are primarily high-income economies.
Recent data trends highlight how the fashion industry’s Future Forward Factory initiative is setting a precedent for *sustainable construction*. Six emissions-reduction pathways, supported by efficiency improvements, renewable energy sourcing, and advanced machinery, demonstrate measurable potential to cut operational and embodied carbon by over 90%. These same strategies underpin the emerging framework for *sustainable building design* and *eco-design for buildings*, where *life cycle thinking in construction* and whole life carbon assessment define performance beyond design intent. Applying such approaches can refine *low carbon design* standards across the built environment and accelerate adoption of *net zero whole life carbon* methods in both infrastructure and architecture.
Progress in decarbonising heavy industry draws further attention to *green hydrogen*, particularly its application in cement, steel, and glass production—core materials driving the *carbon footprint of construction*. The technology’s integration into circular construction strategies aligns with *decarbonising the built environment*, promoting a future where *low embodied carbon materials* and *renewable building materials* support the creation of *carbon neutral construction* systems.
Yet systemic gaps persist. The absence of policy incentives in the UK Budget stalls the *circular economy in construction* and restricts investment in *resource efficiency in construction*, *end-of-life reuse in construction*, and comprehensive whole life carbon reporting. Without stronger regulation or support for *sustainable material specification* and *environmental product declarations (EPDs)*, *environmental sustainability in construction* remains fragmented.
Public sector reporting inconsistencies compound the challenge, limiting transparency in *building lifecycle performance* assessments and raising risk of non-compliance with *net zero carbon buildings* commitments. Lack of unified standards continues to hinder *lifecycle assessment* adoption, delaying progress on *environmental impact of construction* reduction. The imperative for *sustainable building practices*, verifiable *BREEAM v7* certification, and aligned life cycle cost analysis now defines meaningful climate response across the construction sector.
Momentum depends on industry leaders translating policy gaps into practical frameworks that deliver measurable carbon footprint reduction, reinforce *green construction* performance, and embed *sustainable design* in every phase of development. The shift from rhetoric to measurable outcomes will determine whether the vision of *net zero carbon* and *sustainable urban development* becomes operational reality rather than aspirational blueprint.
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