Cooling is one of the biggest untapped opportunities to deliver climate, health, and development gains together. While the sector already contributes seven per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions, and could double that share by 2050, over one billion people still lack access to life-saving cooling for health, food security, and medicine. This guide supports governments in confronting this challenge by integrating sustainable cooling into their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). The NDC Cooling Guidelines offer a six-stage, step-by-step framework, supported by country case studies, to help policymakers assess hydrofluorocarbon and energy-related emissions, set sector-specific targets, and develop fully costed National Cooling Action Plans (NCAPs). The Guidelines emphasize Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS), Kigali-compliant refrigerant phase-down, passive and nature-based solutions, as well as climate-responsive urban planning. These actions are underpinned by cross-ministerial coordination, a robust Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) system to track progress, and a strong focus on expanding equitable access. Together, they enable countries to integrate cooling measures into both adaptation and mitigation pathways. The NDC Cooling Guidelines were developed collaboratively by the UNEP Cool Coalition NDC Working Group, with contributions from the American University in Cairo; Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC); Clean Cooling Collaborative (CCC); Collaborative Labeling and Appliance Standards Program (CLASP); Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) Proklima; the Ozone Secretariat; Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL); United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); UNEP Copenhagen Climate Centre (UNEP-CCC); and UNEP United for Efficiency (U4E).
Sustainable construction is moving from theoretical ambition to measurable transformation as regulations and investment priorities coalesce around environmental sustainability in construction. The sector’s focus on whole life carbon and embodied carbon marks a systemic shift in how performance is assessed. Frameworks such as PAS 2080 and updated BREEAM v7 criteria are embedding whole life carbon assessment into procurement and delivery, ensuring that decarbonising the built environment now depends on transparent lifecycle assessment and verified environmental product declarations (EPDs).
The traditional divide between operational and embodied carbon in materials is narrowing as design teams adopt sustainable building design and eco‑design for buildings approaches that prioritise low carbon construction materials and renewable building materials. Structural choices now drive the carbon footprint of construction far more than secondary energy upgrades, accelerating demand for low embodied carbon materials and credible green building products.
The advance of the circular economy in construction is translating into material recovery and domestic reuse strategies such as the new recycled‑fibre plant in Northumberland, which demonstrates circular construction strategies and end‑of‑life reuse in construction at an industrial scale. These models reflect expanding resource efficiency in construction principles and sustainable material specification that support low‑impact construction throughout the building lifecycle performance chain. This progress is exemplified by a recycled fibre facility at Prudhoe.
Energy security is evolving through large‑scale storage installations, including vanadium flow batteries linked to solar generation, that underpin the resilience of low carbon building and net zero carbon buildings pipelines. Such integration signals a turn toward net zero whole life carbon delivery, reinforcing life cycle thinking in construction and life cycle cost methodologies as key tools for sustainable design evaluation. Notably, England’s upcoming flow battery project illustrates how energy infrastructure is embedding sustainability.
Policy support through regional frameworks and the growth of green infrastructure are redefining sustainable urban development, positioning the UK as a testbed for carbon neutral construction and eco‑friendly construction systems. The market is clearly aligning around decarbonising the built environment and embedding sustainable building practices into planning, procurement, and governance so that green construction and sustainable architecture operate as standard commercial realities rather than niche aspirations.
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